Levels of lipid-derived gut microbial metabolites differ among plant matrices in an in vitro model of colon fermentation.

This study explored differences in microbial lipid metabolites among sunflower seeds, soybeans, and walnuts. The matrices were subjected to in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation. Defatted digested materials and fiber/phenolics extracted therefrom were added to sunflower oil (SO) and also fermented. Targeted and untargeted lipidomics were employed to monitor and tentatively identify linoleic acid (LA) metabolites. Walnut fermentation produced the highest free fatty acids (FFAs), LA, and conjugated LAs (CLAs). Defatted digested walnuts added to SO boosted FFAs and CLAs production; the addition of fibre boosted CLAs, whereas the addition of phenolics only increased 9e,11z-CLA and 10e,12z-CLA. Several di-/tri-hydroxy-C18-FAs, reported as microbial LA metabolites for the first time, were annotated. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant impacts of food matrix presence and type on lipidomics and C18-FAs. Our findings highlight how the food matrices affect CLA production from dietary lipids, emphasizing the role of food context in microbial lipid metabolism.

Adequacy of Fatty Acids Consumption Among Individuals in Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention. / Adequação do Consumo de Ácidos Graxos entre Pacientes em Prevenção Cardiovascular Secundária.

BACKGROUND: Adhering to a diet adequate in macronutrients is crucial for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of adherence to recommendations for the consumption of dietary fatty acids for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and to estimate whether the presence of certain cardiovascular risk factors would be associated with adherence. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using baseline data from 2,358 participants included in the "Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial". Dietary intake and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed. Adequate intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was considered as ≥10% of total daily energy intake; for monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 20%; and for saturated fatty acids (SFA), <7% according to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. A significance level of 5% was considered in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: No participant adhered to all recommendations simultaneously, and more than half (1,482 [62.9%]) did not adhere to any recommendation. Adherence exclusively to the SFA recommendation was the most prevalent, fulfilled by 659 (28%) participants, followed by adherence exclusively to the PUFA (178 [7.6%]) and MUFA (5 [0.2%]) recommendations. There was no association between the number of comorbidities and adherence to nutritional recommendations (p = 0.269). Participants from the Brazilian Northeast region showed a higher proportion of adherence to SFA consumption recommendations (38.42%) and lower adherence to PUFA intake (3.52%) (p <0.001) compared to other regions. CONCLUSIONS: Among the evaluated sample, there was low adherence to nutritional recommendations for dietary fatty acid consumption.

FUNDAMENTO: A adesão à uma alimentação adequada em macronutrientes é fundamental para a prevenção secundária de doenças cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de adesão às recomendações de consumo de ácidos graxos para prevenção e tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares, e estimar se a presença de determinados fatores de risco cardiovascular estaria associada à adesão. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com os dados de linha de base de 2358 participantes do estudo "Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial". Dados de consumo alimentar, e fatores de risco cardiovascular foram avaliados. Foi considerada, de acordo com a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, uma ingestão adequada de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) ≥10% do consumo total de energia diária, para ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGM), 20% e para ácidos graxos saturados (AGS), <7%. Na análise estatística foi considerando nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Nenhum participante aderiu a todas as recomendações de forma simultânea e mais da metade (1482 [62,9%]) não aderiu a nenhuma recomendação. A adesão exclusivamente à recomendação de AGS foi a mais prevalente, sendo cumprida por 659 (28%) dos participantes, seguida da adesão exclusivamente à recomendação de AGP (178 [7,6%]) e de AGM (5 [0,2%]). Não houve associação entre o número de comorbidades e a adesão às recomendações nutricionais (p =0,269). Os participantes da região Nordeste do país apresentaram maior proporção de adesão às recomendações para consumo de AGS (38,42%), e menor para ingestão de AGPI (3,52%) (p <0,001) em comparação às demais. CONCLUSÕES: Na amostra avaliada, evidenciou-se baixa adesão às recomendações nutricionais para consumo de ácidos graxos.

High-fat diet promotes coagulation and endothelial activation in Sprague Dawley rats: Short-term effects of combined oral contraceptives / Dieta alta en grasas promueve la coagulación y la activación endotelial en ratas Sprague Dawley: efectos a corto plazo de los anticonceptivos orales combinados

Background Combined oral contraceptives (COCs), use in individuals are associated with increased risk of thrombotic events. This highlights the significance of assessing the impact of COC on promoting coagulation and endothelial activation in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed Sprague Dawley rats. Methods Twenty (20) five-weeks-old female Sprague Dawley rats weighing between 150 and 200g were subjected to both LFD and HFD-feeding for 8-weeks to determine its influence on basic metabolic status, hemostatic profile, hemodynamic parameters (blood pressure and heart rate), as well as selected biomarkers of coagulation (tissue factor and D-dimer) and endothelial activation (Von Willebrand factor and nitric oxide). Thereafter HFD-fed animals were treated with receive high dose combined oral contraceptive (HCOC) and low dose combine oral contraceptive (LCOC) for 6 weeks. Results Our results showed that beyond weight gain, HFD-feeding was associated with hyperglycemia, increased mean arterial pressure, and reduced nitric oxide levels when compared with LFD group (p<0.05). Interestingly, treatment with high dose of COC for 6-weeks did not significantly alter atherothrombotic markers (p>0.05). However, this study is not without limitation as regulation of these markers remains to be confirmed within the cardiac tissues or endothelial cells of these animals. Conclusion HFD-feeding orchestrate the concomitant release of pro-coagulants and endothelial activation markers in rats leading to haemostatic imbalance and endothelial dysfunction. Short-term treatment with COC shows no detrimental effects in these HFD-fed rats. Although in terms of clinical relevance, our findings depict the notion that the risk of CVD in association with COC may depend on the dosage and duration of use among other factors especially in certain conditions. ... (AU)

Antecedentes El uso de anticonceptivos orales combinados (AOC) en individuos se asocia con un mayor riesgo de eventos trombóticos. Esto resalta la importancia de evaluar el impacto de los AOC en la promoción de la coagulación y la activación endotelial en ratas Sprague Dawley alimentadas con una dieta alta en grasas (HFD). Métodos Veinte (20) ratas Sprague Dawley hembra de 5semanas de edad con un peso entre 150-200g fueron tratadas mediante una alimentación con dieta baja en grasas (LFD) y alta en grasas (HFD) durante 8 semanas para determinar su influencia en el estado metabólico básico, perfil hemostático, parámetros hemodinámicos (presión arterial y frecuencia cardíaca), así como biomarcadores seleccionados de coagulación (factor tisular y D-dímero) y activación endotelial (factor de von Willebrand y óxido nítrico). Posteriormente, los animales alimentados con HFD fueron tratados con dosis alta de anticonceptivo oral combinado (AOC-AL) y dosis baja de anticonceptivo oral combinado (AOC-BL) durante 6 semanas. Resultados Nuestros resultados mostraron que, además del aumento de peso, la alimentación con HFD se asoció con hiperglucemia, aumento de la presión arterial media y niveles reducidos de óxido nítrico en comparación con el grupo LFD (p<0,05). Curiosamente, el tratamiento con dosis alta de AOC durante 6 semanas no alteró significativamente los marcadores aterotrombóticos (p>0,05). Sin embargo, este estudio no está exento de limitaciones, ya que la regulación de estos marcadores aún debe confirmarse en los tejidos cardíacos o las células endoteliales de estos animales. Conclusión La alimentación con HFD orquesta la liberación concomitante de procoagulantes y marcadores de activación endotelial en ratas, lo que conduce a un desequilibrio hemostático y disfunción endotelial. El tratamiento a corto plazo con AOC no muestra efectos perjudiciales en estas ratas alimentadas con HFD. ... (AU)

Effect of dietary fat on proximal composition, sensorial analysis and shelf life of a traditional Spanish cooked pork product "Lomo de Sajonia" from Iberian pork.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of different dietary fat sources on the quality of a Spanish-cooked meat product Lomo de Sajonia (LSA) and its shelf-life. Forty loins were selected from Iberian pigs fed four dietary treatments containing pork fat (G-1), Greedy-Grass Olive® (GGO) (enriched oleic-acid oil) (G-2), G-2 and high oleic sunflower (G-3), and G-3 plus a mixture of commercial organic acids (Bioll®) (G-4). Loins were manufactured to obtain LSA, and the quality and sensorial attributes were assessed. The shelf life was established according to microbial count and sensorial analysis, which was packed in a modified atmosphere and stored under retail conditions. All meat quality parameters of LSA remained stable in all groups, except fat content and overall liking, which showed the highest values for G-2 LSA. Regarding the shelf life, sensorial attributes remained acceptable in all groups during storage time, while a delay in microbial growth was recorded for the LSA of G-3. According to the results, including GGO in Iberian pig diets could enhance LSA traits, possibly linked to increased assimilation compared with conventional fat sources. However, adding organic acids to the diet did not have the expected effect on improving the shelf life of the LSA.

Paternal dietary macronutrient balance and energy intake drive metabolic and behavioral differences among offspring.

Paternal diet can influence the phenotype of the next generation, yet, the dietary components inducing specific responses in the offspring are not identified. Here, we use the Nutritional Geometry Framework to determine the effects of pre-conception paternal dietary macronutrient balance on offspring metabolic and behavioral traits in mice. Ten isocaloric diets varying in the relative proportion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates are fed to male mice prior to mating. Dams and offspring are fed standard chow and never exposed to treatment diets. Body fat in female offspring is positively associated with the paternal consumption of fat, while in male offspring, an anxiety-like phenotype is associated to paternal diets low in protein and high in carbohydrates. Our study uncovers that the nature and the magnitude of paternal effects are driven by interactions between macronutrient balance and energy intake and are not solely the result of over- or undernutrition.

Longitudinal Relationship between the Percentage of Energy Intake from Macronutrients and Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Adults from 1991 to 2018.

To investigate the prospective relationship between macronutrient intake and overweight/obesity, data were collected in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 2018. Adults who participated in at least two waves of the survey and were not obese at baseline were selected as the study subjects. A total of 14,531 subjects were finally included with complete data. Overweight/obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24.0 kg/m2. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to analyze the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and BMI and overweight/obesity. The percentages of energy intake from protein and fat showed an increasing trend (p < 0.01), and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate showed a decreasing trend (p < 0.01) among Chinese adults between 1991 and 2018. Adjusting for covariates, the energy intake from fat was positively correlated with BMI, while the energy intake from carbohydrates was negatively correlated with BMI. The percentage of energy intake from non-high-quality protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were positively correlated with overweight/obesity. In contrast, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and high-quality carbohydrates were negatively correlated with overweight/obesity. In short, fat, non-high-quality protein, saturated fatty acids (SFA), and PUFA were positively correlated with the risk of obesity, whereas higher carbohydrate, MUFA, and high-quality carbohydrate intake were associated with a lower risk of obesity. Obesity can be effectively prevented by appropriately adjusting the proportion of intake from the three major macronutrients.

Fat intake modifies association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer in a prospective cohort study: A potential explanation for the lung cancer paradox.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: It remains unclear why the association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was substantially stronger in Western countries than in Asian countries. As experimental studies have revealed that fat intake modulates tobacco carcinogen metabolism and the growth of transplanted or carcinogen-induced lung tumors in mice, the present study sought to investigate whether the association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was modified by intake of total fat and types of fat (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats) in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. METHODS: During a median follow-up of 8.9 years, 1,425 cases of lung cancer were documented from 100,864 participants eligible for the present analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: After adjustment for established or suspected confounders, the strength of the association between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was remarkably larger among individuals with high fat intake. HRs (95% CIs) comparing current with never smokers were 23.0 (13.4, 39.6), 32.7 (20.3, 52.8), and 59.8 (30.2, 118.2) for the tertile 1 (≤13.48 g/day), tertile 2 (13.49-21.89 g/day), and tertile 3 (≥21.90 g/day) of saturate fat intake, respectively. A similar pattern of the non-significant interaction was observed when the accumulated amount of cigarette smoking (1-19, 20-39, and ≥40 vs. 0 pack-years) was entered into the regression models. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that lung cancer risk associated with both the status and accumulated amount of cigarette smoking was remarkably stronger in individuals with high intakes of fat, particularly saturated fat. However, this interaction was not statistically significant and thus warrants further investigations in other studies.

[The role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the development of obesity. Modulation of enzyme activity by high fat diet and dietary fiber].

Interest to the tissue-specific intestinal isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (IAP) has increased in recent years due to eating disorders that have led to widespread obesity and diet-related diseases. Obesity is considered as an inflammation of low intensity, which is accompanied by the manifestation of various metabolic complications and a disturbance of intestinal homeostasis. IAP is one of the participants in the mechanism of the macroorganism protection against inflammatory and infectious processes, carrying out enzymatic detoxification of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (the trigger of the inflammatory process). Deficiency of IAP activity contributes to the risk of obesity, inflammatory diseases. The objective of the research was to summarize the current understanding of the role of IAP involved in the molecular mechanism of diet-induced obesity and to evaluate the impact of dietary components - fats and dietary fiber on IAP activity. Material and methods. A literature search on the role of IAP in the development of obesity was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, RSCI databases. Results. IAP prevents the development of the inflammatory process by participating in the detoxification of toxic bacterial products, limiting the translocation of pathogenic bacteria from the intestine to various tissues and organs of the macroorganism. The enzyme maintains the integrity of the intestinal barrier, influencing the synthesis and proper localization of tight junction's proteins between intestinal epithelial cells, promotes changes in the composition of the microbiota, decreasing pathogenic bacteria and increasing the population of the community of beneficial microorganisms. IAP is involved in the regulation of fatty acid absorption and influences on the adipogenesis. Monitoring the activity of IAP present in human stool can predict the early development of such complications associated with obesity as metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, Some nutrients modulate IAP activity. Depending on the amount, type, composition of fats and the duration of their consumption, either an increase or decrease in the IAP activity are observed, while dietary fibers stimulate the activity of the enzyme. Conclusion. IAP activity can be considered as an early predictor of the risk of obesity. Deficiency of IAP activity contributes to the development of obesity caused by high-fat diet. The high activity of the enzyme contributes to the support of intestinal homeostasis and limits transepithelial movement of bacteria, weakening the inflammatory process induced by lipopolysaccharides, the excess concentration of which is detected in obesity. Stimulating enzyme activity through dietary intervention reduces the risk of obesity and metabolic complications.

Adipose tissue peroxisomal lipid synthesis orchestrates obesity and insulin resistance through LXR-dependent lipogenesis.

OBJECTIVE: Adipose tissue mass is maintained by a balance between lipolysis and lipid storage. The contribution of adipose tissue lipogenesis to fat mass, especially in the setting of high-fat feeding, is considered minor. Here we investigated the effect of adipose-specific inactivation of the peroxisomal lipid synthetic protein PexRAP on fatty acid synthase (FASN)-mediated lipogenesis and its impact on adiposity and metabolic homeostasis. METHODS: To explore the role of PexRAP in adipose tissue, we metabolically phenotyped mice with adipose-specific knockout of PexRAP. Bulk RNA sequencing was used to determine transcriptomic responses to PexRAP deletion and 14C-malonyl CoA allowed us to measure de novo lipogenic activity in adipose tissue of these mice. In vitro cell culture models were used to elucidate the mechanism of cellular responses to PexRAP deletion. RESULTS: Adipose-specific PexRAP deletion promoted diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance through activation of de novo lipogenesis. Mechanistically, PexRAP inactivation inhibited the flux of carbons to ethanolamine plasmalogens. This increased the nuclear PC/PE ratio and promoted cholesterol mislocalization, resulting in activation of liver X receptor (LXR), a nuclear receptor known to be activated by increased intracellular cholesterol. LXR activation led to increased expression of the phospholipid remodeling enzyme LPCAT3 and induced FASN-mediated lipogenesis, which promoted diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: These studies reveal an unexpected role for peroxisome-derived lipids in regulating LXR-dependent lipogenesis and suggest that activation of lipogenesis, combined with dietary lipid overload, exacerbates obesity and metabolic dysregulation.

Relationship between fatty acid intake and aging: a Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Observational studies have previously shown a possible link between fatty acids and aging-related diseases, raising questions about its health implications. However, the causal relationship between the two remains uncertain. METHODS: Univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to analyze the relationship between five types of fatty acids-polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), saturated fatty acid (SFA), Omega-6 fatty acid (Omega-6 FA), and Omega-3 fatty acid (Omega-3 FA) and three markers of aging: telomere length (TL), frailty index (FI), and facial aging (FclAg). The primary approach for Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis involved utilizing the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, with additional supplementary methods employed. RESULTS: Univariate MR analysis revealed that MUFA, PUFA, SFA, and Omega-6 fatty acids were positively associated with TL (MUFA OR: 1.019, 95% CI: 1.006-1.033; PUFA OR: 1.014, 95% CI: 1.002-1.026; SFA OR: 1.016, 95% CI: 1.002-1.031; Omega-6 FAs OR=1.031, 95% CI: 1.006-1.058). PUFA was also associated with a higher FI (OR: 1.033, 95% CI: 1.009-1.057). In multivariate MR analysis, after adjusting for mutual influences among the five fatty acids, MUFA and PUFA were positively independently associated with TL (MUFA OR: 1.1508, 95% CI = 1.0724-1.2350; PUFA OR: 1.1670, 95% CI = 1.0497-1.2973, while SFA was negatively correlated (OR: 0.8005, 95% CI: 0.7045-0.9096). CONCLUSIONS: Our research presents compelling evidence of a causal association between certain fatty acids and indicators of the aging process. In particular, MUFA and PUFA may play a role in slowing down the aging process, while SFAs may contribute to accelerated aging. These findings could have significant implications for dietary recommendations aimed at promoting healthy aging.

Maternal dietary fat during lactation shapes single nucleus transcriptomic profile of postnatal offspring hypothalamus in a sexually dimorphic manner in mice.

Maternal overnutrition during lactation predisposes offspring to develop metabolic diseases and exacerbates the relevant syndromes in males more than females in later life. The hypothalamus is a heterogenous brain region that regulates energy balance. Here we combined metabolic trait quantification of mother and offspring mice under low and high fat diet (HFD) feeding during lactation, with single nucleus transcriptomic profiling of their offspring hypothalamus at peak lacation to understand the cellular and molecular alterations in response to maternal dietary pertubation. We found significant expansion in neuronal subpopulations including histaminergic (Hdc), arginine vasopressin/retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor ß (Avp/Rorb) and agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/Npy) in male offspring when their mothers were fed HFD, and increased Npy-astrocyte interactions in offspring responding to maternal overnutrition. Our study provides a comprehensive offspring hypothalamus map at the peak lactation and reveals how the cellular subpopulations respond to maternal dietary fat in a sex-specific manner during development.

Prior acute exercise restores postprandial fat oxidation in active cannabis users.

Data suggest cannabis users have similar or lower levels of blood lipids compared to nonusers. However, the extent to which cannabis users experience postprandial lipemia is not known. Eleven cannabis users and 11 nonusers completed either rest or 1 h of exercise at their ventilatory threshold the evening before a meal tolerance test (MTT). Substrate oxidation, blood pressure, and capillary blood were obtained before and every 30-60 min post-meal for 3 h. Linear mixed models were utilized to examine differences in variables between groups, conditions, across time, and their interactions. Exercise led to increased fat oxidation post-MTT (p < 0.05), with cannabis users exhibiting higher AUC compared to the control trial (p < 0.05). Exercise also caused significantly lower levels of triglycerides (p < 0.05). Metabolic flexibility was improved in cannabis users in the exercise trial only (p < 0.05). No effect of group, trial, or interactions were detected for other variables of interest (all p > 0.05). This study indicated that prior exercise improves lipid metabolism in cannabis users and nonusers after a high-fat meal test. Cannabis users appear sensitive to the effects of exercise. Future studies should incorporate additional meals and variables related to cardiovascular health and metabolism.

Associations between dietary fatty acids intake and abdominal aortic calcification: a national population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is a crucial indicator of cardiovascular health. This study aims investigates the associations between dietary fatty acid intake and AAC. METHODS: In this study, a cross-sectional assessment was performed on a group of 2,897 individuals aged 40 and above, utilizing data from the NHANES. The focus was on examining dietary consumption of various fatty acids, including Saturated (SFA), Monounsaturated (MUFA), Polyunsaturated (PUFA), as well as Omega-3 and Omega-6. The evaluation of AAC was done by applying the Kauppila AAC score to results obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. For statistical analysis, weighted multivariate linear and logistic regression were employed, with adjustments for variables like gender, age, ethnicity, and overall health condition. RESULTS: Participants with higher intake of SFA and PUFA showed a positive association with AAC score, while higher levels of dietary Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids was connected with a negative correlation. Subgroup analyses indicated consistent associations across different sexes and age groups. The study found that an increase in SFA and PUFA intake correlated with an increase in AAC score, whereas Omega-3 and Omega-6 intake correlated with a decrease. CONCLUSION: This study underscores the importance of dietary fatty acid composition in the prevalence of AAC and its potential implications for dietary guidelines and cardiovascular disease prevention strategies.

Hypothalamic astrocyte NAD+ salvage pathway mediates the coupling of dietary fat overconsumption in a mouse model of obesity.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+ serves as a crucial coenzyme in numerous essential biological reactions, and its cellular availability relies on the activity of the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-catalyzed salvage pathway. Here we show that treatment with saturated fatty acids activates the NAD+ salvage pathway in hypothalamic astrocytes. Furthermore, inhibition of this pathway mitigates hypothalamic inflammation and attenuates the development of obesity in male mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Mechanistically, CD38 functions downstream of the NAD+ salvage pathway in hypothalamic astrocytes burdened with excess fat. The activation of the astrocytic NAMPT-NAD+-CD38 axis in response to fat overload induces proinflammatory responses in the hypothalamus. It also leads to aberrantly activated basal Ca2+ signals and compromised Ca2+ responses to metabolic hormones such as insulin, leptin, and glucagon-like peptide 1, ultimately resulting in dysfunctional hypothalamic astrocytes. Our findings highlight the significant contribution of the hypothalamic astrocytic NAD+ salvage pathway, along with its downstream CD38, to HFD-induced obesity.

A ketogenic diet rich in fish oil is superior to other fats in preventing NNK-induced lung cancer in A/J mice.

Given that ketogenic diets (KDs) are extremely high in dietary fat, we compared different fats in KDs to determine which was the best for cancer prevention. Specifically, we compared a Western and a 15% carbohydrate diet to seven different KDs, containing either Western fats or fats enriched in medium chain fatty acids (MCTs), milk fat (MF), palm oil (PO), olive oil (OO), corn oil (CO) or fish oil (FO) for their ability to reduce nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK)-induced lung cancer in mice. While all the KDs tested were more effective at reducing lung nodules than the Western or 15% carbohydrate diet, the FO-KD was most effective at reducing lung nodules. Correlating with this, mice on the FO-KD had low blood glucose and the highest ß-hydroxybutyrate level, lowest liver fatty acid synthase/carnitine palmitoyl-1a ratio and a dramatic increase in fecal Akkermansia. We found no liver damage induced by the FO-KD, while the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL was unchanged on the different diets. We conclude that a FO-KD is superior to KDs enriched in other fats in reducing NNK-induced lung cancer, perhaps by being the most effective at skewing whole-body metabolism from a dependence on glucose to fats as an energy source.

Fat digestion and absorption: Normal physiology and pathophysiology of malabsorption, including diagnostic testing.

Fat digestion and absorption play crucial roles in maintaining energy homeostasis and supporting essential physiological functions. The initial stage of fat digestion occurs in the stomach, where gastric lipase begins the hydrolysis of triglycerides. However, most fat digestion takes place in the small intestine via pancreatic enzymes and bile salts. Emulsification of fat by bile acids facilitates enzymatic action, breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides, which are then able to be absorbed by enterocytes. Fat malabsorption can result from various underlying conditions, such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, bile acid disorders, or intestinal diseases. The clinical manifestations of fat malabsorption include steatorrhea, malnutrition, and deficiencies of fat-soluble vitamins. Diagnostic approaches involve assessing fecal fat levels, imaging studies, and various functional tests to identify the specific etiology. This review article will describe the normal physiologic process of fat digestion and absorption and discuss various pathophysiology that can lead to fat malabsorption within the gastrointestinal tract as well as their respective diagnostic testing modalities. Effective digestion of fat is essential for overall health, because it allows for absorption of many essential nutrients, plays an integral role in cellular and structural function, and supplies energy to the body. When this is dysfunctional, disorders of malabsorption can occur. This article will give a brief overview of the physiologic process of fat digestion and absorption in healthy individuals as well as review important pathophysiology that can lead to fat malabsorption within the gastrointestinal tract and current diagnostic testing modalities.

The effects of paternal dietary fat versus sugar on offspring body composition and anxiety-related behavior.

Increasing evidence suggests that the pre-conception parental environment has long-term consequences for offspring health and disease susceptibility. Though much of the work in this field concentrates on maternal influences, there is growing understanding that fathers also play a significant role in affecting offspring phenotypes. In this study, we investigate effects of altering the proportion of dietary fats and carbohydrates on paternal and offspring body composition and anxiety-related behavior in C57Bl/6-JArc mice. We show that in an isocaloric context, greater dietary fat increased body fat and reduced anxiety-like behavior of studs, whereas increased dietary sucrose had no significant effect. These dietary effects were not reflected in offspring traits, rather, we found sex-specific effects that differed between offspring body composition and behavioral traits. This finding is consistent with past paternal effect studies, where transgenerational effects have been shown to be more prominent in one sex over the other. Here, male offspring of fathers fed high-fat diets were heavier at 10 weeks of age due to increased lean body mass, whereas paternal diet had no significant effect on female offspring body fat or lean mass. In contrast, paternal dietary sugar appeared to have the strongest effects on male offspring behavior, with male offspring of high-sucrose fathers spending less time in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze. Both high-fat and high-sugar paternal diets were found to reduce anxiety-like behavior of female offspring, although this effect was only evident when offspring were fed a control diet. This study provides new understanding of the ways in which diet can shape the behavior of fathers and their offspring and contribute to the development of dietary guidelines to improve obesity and mental health conditions, such as anxiety.

Associations of Dietary Intake with Cardiovascular Risk in Long-Term "Plant-Based Eaters": A Secondary Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Study.

A plant-based diet rich in whole foods and fiber is beneficial for cardiovascular (CV) health. This impact is often linked to specific food groups and their preparation methods, reflecting the overall dietary pattern. However, research on the long-term effects of a carefully designed plant-based diet on adults transitioning from a typical Western lifestyle is limited. Notably, studies on people managing CV risk factors effectively are scarce. As part of a cross-sectional study, we examined 151 individuals committed to a long-term, well-designed plant-based diet and active lifestyle. We investigated how specific food groups and macronutrient intake are related to various CV health markers. In this secondary analysis, our comprehensive approach encompassed several methods: 3-day weighted dietary records, fasting blood lipid and blood pressure measurements, body composition assessments, and evaluations of lifestyle status. We adjusted our analysis for multiple variables, such as age, sex, current body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, and time (years) following the plant-based diet. Our findings revealed several associations between macronutrient intake (per 50 g) and CV risk markers, although these associations were generally weak. Individuals who consumed more whole grains and fruits had lower levels of total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) cholesterol. We also found associations between the intake of legumes and nuts/seeds and reduced HDL-C levels. These findings suggested that these food groups might influence the lipid profile, contributing to CV health in a plant-based diet. A greater intake of spices/herbs was associated with lower uric acid levels, while diets rich in plant-based fast food and pasta (made from white flour) were associated with higher uric acid levels. A greater intake of various macronutrients, such as fiber, carbohydrates (from whole-food sources), proteins, and different types of fats (saturated fatty acids [SFAs], monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFAs], and polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFAs]), was associated with lower levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C (only for carbohydrates), and HDL-C. We found a unique negative correlation between PUFA intake and LDL-C, suggesting that PUFAs might significantly affect LDL-C levels. In contrast, increased fiber, protein and SFA consumption were associated with increased uric acid levels. These findings support the impact of dietary patterns on CV risk factors, highlighting that even small amounts of unhealthy food groups can significantly influence specific CV risk markers, regardless of the overall diet.

Recent trends in design of healthier fat replacers: Type, replacement mechanism, sensory evaluation method and consumer acceptance.

In recent years, with the increasing awareness of consumers about the relationship between excessive fat intake and chronic diseases, such as obesity, heart disease, diabetes, etc., the demand for low-fat foods has increased year by year. However, a simple reduction of fat content in food will cause changes in physical and chemical properties, physiological properties, and sensory properties of food. Therefore, developing high-quality fat replacers to replace natural fats has become an emerging trend, and it is still a technical challenge to completely simulate the special function of natural fat in low-fat foods. This review aims to provide an overview of development trends of fat replacers, and the different types of fat replacers, the potential fat replacement mechanisms, sensory evaluation methods, and their consumer acceptance are discussed and compared, which may provide a theoretical guidance to produce fat replacers and develop more healthy low-fat products favored by consumers.

The hedonic overdrive model best explains high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice.

OBJECTIVE: High-fat diets cause obesity in male mice; however, the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Here, three contrasting ideas were assessed: hedonic overdrive, reverse causality, and passive overconsumption models. METHODS: A total of 12 groups of 20 individually housed 12-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to 12 high-fat diets with varying fat content from 40% to 80% (by calories), protein content from 5% to 30%, and carbohydrate content from 8.4% to 40%. Body weight and food intake were monitored for 30 days after 7 days at baseline on a standard low-fat diet. RESULTS: After exposure to the diets, energy intake increased first, and body weight followed later. Intake then declined. The peak energy intake was dependent on both dietary protein and carbohydrate, but not the dietary fat and energy density, whereas the rate of decrease in intake was only related to dietary protein. On high-fat diets, the weight of food intake declined, but despite this average reduction of 14.4 g in food intake, they consumed, on average, 357 kJ more energy than at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The hedonic overdrive model fit the data best. The other two models were not supported.